Buku Ajar Teknologi Pengelasan
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Aug 16, 2021
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Buku Ajar, Teknologi, Pengelasan
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Abstract
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sehingga Buku Ajar TEKNOLOGI PENGELASAN edisi revisi ini selesai sesuai dengan yang direncanakan. Buku ajar Teknologi Pengelasan ini dibuat khusus untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Teknik Mesin Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Sumber pustaka buku ajar ini diambil dari beberapa artikel, ebooks, diktat, Tugas Akhir dan lain-lain . Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada: 1. Dr. Hindarto, S.Kom., M.T., Dekan Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi yang memberikan arahan dan motivasi kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan buku ajar ini. 2. Edi Widodo, S.T., M.T., Kaprodi Teknik Mesin yang telah memberikan dukungan untuk menyusun buku ajar ini. 3. Para narasumber yang penulis tidak dapat sebutkan satu persatu yang karya cipta pengetahuannya kami rujuk, untuk penyusunan penulisan buku ajar ini. Saran dan kritik sangat penulis harapkan untuk mewujudkan buku ajar Teknologi Pengelasan yang lebih baik dan tentunya sesuai dengan amanat peraturan yang berlaku. Terimakasih.
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Mulyadi, & Iswanto. (2021). Buku Ajar Teknologi Pengelasan. Umsida Press, 1-175. https://doi.org/10.21070/2020/978-623-6833-69-8
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Buku Ajar
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Authors retain copyright and grant the Umsida Press right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this platform.
References
AWS A2.4, AWS A51, ASME
ASM Metals Handbook, Vol 06
ASM Internationan Hand Book Comitte, ASM Vol 6: Welding Soldering and Brazing,1995
B. Paton, Electroslag Welding, AWS, 1962
C. Mahananda, S. Jeet and S. Kar, (2018), “Review on Application of Friction Stir Welding”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 9, Issue 4.
C.J. Dawes and W.M. Thomas, (1996), “Friction Stir Process
Welds Aluminum Alloys”, Weld. J., vol. 75, pp. 41–45. Colegrove PA. Modelling and development of the Trivex friction stir welding tool. Welding World 2004;48:10– 26.
Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. Two-dimensional CFD modelling of flow round profiled FSW tooling. Sci Technol Weld Join 2004;9:483–92.
Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. 3-Dimensional CFD modelling of flow round a threaded friction stir welding tool profile. J Mater Process Technol 2005;169:320–7.
Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. Experimental and numerical analysis of aluminium alloy 7075-T7351 friction stir welds. Sci Technol Weld Join 2003;8:360–8. Cho JH, Dawson PR. Modeling texture evolution during friction stir welding of stainless steel with comparison to experiments. J Eng Mater Technol, Trans ASME 2008;130:0110071–01100712.
Cho JH, Boyce DE, Dawson PR. Modeling strain hardening and texture evolution in friction stir welding of stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 2005;398:146–63.
Easterling, K, Introduction to the Physical Metallurgy of Welding, Butterworths and Co, 1983
Folkhard, E, Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, Springer- Verlag/Wien,1988
F. Setiawan, Mulyadi, Analisa Hasil Pengelasan Pada Baja St 2 Dengan Menggunakan Las Smaw Terhadap Lebar Haz, 2014
Fuller, C.B. (2007), Chapter 2: “Friction Stir Tooling: Tool material and designs, friction stir welding and processing”, ASM International.
Fratini L, Buffa G, Micari F, Shivpuri R. On the material flow in FSW of T-joints: influence of geometrical and
technological parameters. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2009;44:570–8.
Guerra M, Schmidt C, McClure JC, Murr LE, Nunes AC. Flow patterns during friction stir welding. Mater Charact 2002;49:95–101.
Guo ZH, Zhao GY, Ke LM, Xing L, Zhu SF. Finite element analysis of materials flow behavior in friction stir welding of
7075 aluminum alloy plate. Appl Mech Mater 2012;117–119:1621–4.
Gao Z, Krumphals F, Sherstnev P, Enzinger N, Niu JT, Sommitsch C. Analysis of plastic flow during friction stir
spotr welding using finite element modeling. Key Eng Mater 2012;504–506:419–24.
Grujicic M, Arakere G, Pandurangan B, Ochterbeck JM, Yen CF,
Cheeseman BA, et al. Computational analysis of material flow during friction stir welding of AA5059 aluminum alloys. J Mater Eng Perform 2012;21:1824–40.
Hyoe T, Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. Thermal and microstructure modelling in thick plate aluminium alloy 7075 friction stir welds. In: TMS annual meeting; 2003. p. 33–42.
Harsono W, Toshie O, Teknologi pengelasan Logam, Pradnya Paramita,1986
Hamilton C, Kopyscianski M, Senkov O, Dymek S. A coupled thermal/material flow model of friction stir welding applied to Sc-modified aluminum alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 2013;44:1730–40.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy of Welding. Easterling K. 1992.
Idagawa HS, Torres EA, Ramirez AJ. CFD modeling of dissimilar aluminum-steel friction stir welds. In: ASM proceedings of the international conference: trends in welding research; 2013. p. 604–10.
Ji SD, Shi QY, Zhang LG, Zou AL, Gao SS, Zan LV. Numerical simulation of material flow behavior of friction stir
welding influenced by rotational tool geometry. Comput Mater Sci 2012;63:218–26.
Ji SD, Zou AL, Yue YM, Luan GH, Jin YY, Li F. Numerical simulation of effect of rotational tool with screw on
material flow behavior of friction stir welding of Ti6Al4V alloy. Acta Metall Sinica (Engl Lett) 2012;25:365–73.
Kenyon,W..Dasar-dasar Pengelasan. Erlangga.1985.
Kim D, Badarinarayan H, Ryu I, Kim J, Kim C, Okamoto K, et al. Numerical simulation of friction stir welding process. Int J Mater Form 2009;2:383–6.
Kim D, Chung K, Badarinarayan H. An experimental and numerical approach to evaluate the effect of welding
conditions on temperature during friction stir spot welding. In: ASM proceedings of the international
conference: trends in welding research; 2009. p. 60–6.
M.R. Johnsen, (1999), “Friction Stir Welding Takes off at Boeing”, Weld. J., vol. 78, pp. 35–39.
Md. Ibrahim Khan, Welding Science and Technology Nandan R, Roy GG, Lienert TJ, Debroy T. Three-dimensional heat and material flow during friction stir welding of mild steel. Acta Mater 2007;55:883–95.
Nandan R, Prabu B, De A, Debroy T. Improving reliability of heat transfer and materials flow calculations during friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. Weld J (Miami, Fla) 2007;86:313–22.
Nandan R, Lienert TJ, DebRoy T. Toward reliable calculations of heat and plastic flow during friction stir welding of Ti– 6Al–4V alloy. Int J Mater Res 2008;99:434–44.
R.L. O’Brien, Ed., Jefferson’s Welding Encyclopedia, 18th ed., American Welding Society, Miami, FL, 1997, p 634
R.W. Messler, Jr., Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology, Butterworth
– Heine – mann / Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2004, p 300, 301, 313, 315, 316, 320–324, 327– 330
R.W. Messler, Jr., Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology,
Butterworth-Heine- mann / Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2004, p 300, 301, 313, 315, 316, 320–324, 327– 330
R.W. Messler, Jr., Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology,
Butterworth-Heine- mann / Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2004, p 300, 301, 313, 315, 316, 320–324, 327– 330
R.S. Mishra and Z. Y. Ma, (2005), “Friction stir welding and processing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. Vol.50, pp. 1-78.
R. Kumar, A. Ghosh, S. Chattopadhyaya, (2015), “Emerging Friction Stir Welding for Aluminium and its
Applications”, Journal of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, vol.14. pp. 1-6.
Seidel TU, Reynolds AP. Visualization of the material flow in AA2195 friction-stir welds using a marker insert technique. Metall Mater Trans A 2001;32:2879–84.
Schneider JR, Beshears R, Nunes Jr AC. Interfacial sticking and slipping in the friction stir welding process. Mater Sci Eng A 2006;435-436:297–304.
Santiago D, Urquiza S, Lombera G, de Vedia L. 3D Modeling of material flow and temperature in friction stir welding.
Soldagem e Inspecao 2009;14:248–56 [in Portuguese]. Song M, Kovacevic R. Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and its validation. Int J
Mach Tool Manuf 2003;43:605–15.
Song M, Kovacevic R. Numerical and experimental study of the heat transfer process in friction stir welding. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B 2003;217:73–85.
Song M, Kovacevic R. Heat transfer modelling for both workpiece and tool in the friction stir welding process:a coupled model. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B 2004;218:17–33.
Shimoda Y, Tsubaki M, Yasui T, Fukumoto M. Experimental and numerical studies of material flow during welding by
friction stirring. Quart J Jpn Weld Soc 2011;29:114s–8s.
Su H, Wu C, Chen M. Analysis of material flow and heat transfer in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys.
China Weld (Engl Ed) 2013;22:6–10.
Tutunchilar S, Haghpanahi M, Besharati Givi MK, Asadi P, Bahemmat P. Simulation of material flow in friction stir
processing of a cast Al–Si alloy. Mater Des 2012;40:415– 26.
Wang H, Colegrove PA, Dos Santos JF. Numerical investigation of the tool contact condition during friction stir welding of aerospace aluminium alloy. Comput Mater Sci 2013;71:101–8.
Wang GX, Zhu LL, Zhang Z. Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process. Chin Weld (Engl Ed) 2007;16:63– 70.
W.M. Thomas and E.D. Nicholas, (1997), “Friction Stir Welding for the Transportation Industries”, Mater, Vol. 18, pp. 269–273.processing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. Vol.50, pp. 1-78.
Welding Metallurgy. John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
WIRYOSUMARTO, H.Dan OKUMURA, T., Teknologi Pengelasan Logam, PT. Pradya Paramita, Jakarta, 2000.
Zhang Z, Chen JT. The simulation of material behaviors in friction stir welding process by using rate-dependent constitutive model. J Mater Sci 2008;43:222–32.
Zhang Z, Zhang HW. A fully coupled thermo-mechanical model of friction stir welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technolv2008;37:279–93.
Zhang Z, Liu YL. Effect of preheating time on friction stir welding. Chin J Mech Eng 2009;45:13–8 [in Chinese].
Zhang Z, Chen JT, Zhang ZW, Zhang HW. Coupled thermo- mechanical model based comparison of friction stir welding processes of AA2024-T3 in different thicknesses. J Mater Sci 2011;46:5815–21.
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Effect of angular velocity of the pin on material flow during friction stir welding. Acta Metall Sinica 2005;41:853–9 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Effect of translational velocity on material flow in friction stir welding. Acta Aeronaut Astronaut Sinica 2006;27:949–56 [in Chinese].
Zhang Z, Zhang HW. Simulation of 3D material flow in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6. Chin Weld (Engl Ed) 2008;17:57–63.
Zhang Z, Zhang HW. Material behavior analysis in joining non straight line weld by using friction stir welding. J Plast Eng 2006;13:108–14 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. 3D modeling of material flow in friction stir welding under different process parameters. J Mater Process Technol 2007;183:62–70.
Zhang Z, Chen JT, Zhang HW. Modeling of the friction stir process under different pressures on the shoulder. J Aeronaut Mater 2005;25:33–7 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Analysis of 3D flow in friction stir welding process. China Mech Eng 2006;17:719–23 [in Chinese].
Zhang Z, Liu YL, Chen JT, Zhang HW. Material flow patterns in friction stir welding. Trans China Weld Inst 2007;28:17– 21 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. The finite element simulation of the friction stir welding process. Mater Sci Eng A 2005;403:340–8.
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Finite element analysis of friction stir welding process. Trans Chin Weld Inst 2005;26:13– 8 [in Chinese].
Zhang, Y.N., Cao, X.,Larose, S.and Wanjara, P. (2012), “Review of tools for friction stir welding and processing”, Science and technology of welding and Joining, 51(3):250-60.
http://anaksmk3.blogspot.com/2016/10/macam-macam- pengelasan.html
http://arifidya.blogspot.com/2015/11/proses-las-gmaw-gas- metal-arc-welding.html
https://dokumen.tips/documents/laporan-pengelasan- lanjutpdf.html
https://www.esabna.com/euweb/mig_handbook/592mig1_3.htmhttp: // kawatlas. Jaya Manunggal. Com
https://www.niagamas.com/product/daiden-industrial-welding-inverter-machine-mesin-las-mig-250
http://rizkaadi. blogspot. com/ 2012/ 10/ kerusakan- terhadap-sambungan-las.html-akses tanggal 02 juli 2019
http://tekniklasdasar. blogspot. Com/ 2017/ 05/persiapan- pengelasan.html-akses tanggal 02 juli 2019
https://yudiprasetyo53.wordpress.com/2011/11/07/scanning-electron-microscope-sem-dan-optical-emission-spectroscope-oes
ASM Metals Handbook, Vol 06
ASM Internationan Hand Book Comitte, ASM Vol 6: Welding Soldering and Brazing,1995
B. Paton, Electroslag Welding, AWS, 1962
C. Mahananda, S. Jeet and S. Kar, (2018), “Review on Application of Friction Stir Welding”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 9, Issue 4.
C.J. Dawes and W.M. Thomas, (1996), “Friction Stir Process
Welds Aluminum Alloys”, Weld. J., vol. 75, pp. 41–45. Colegrove PA. Modelling and development of the Trivex friction stir welding tool. Welding World 2004;48:10– 26.
Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. Two-dimensional CFD modelling of flow round profiled FSW tooling. Sci Technol Weld Join 2004;9:483–92.
Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. 3-Dimensional CFD modelling of flow round a threaded friction stir welding tool profile. J Mater Process Technol 2005;169:320–7.
Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. Experimental and numerical analysis of aluminium alloy 7075-T7351 friction stir welds. Sci Technol Weld Join 2003;8:360–8. Cho JH, Dawson PR. Modeling texture evolution during friction stir welding of stainless steel with comparison to experiments. J Eng Mater Technol, Trans ASME 2008;130:0110071–01100712.
Cho JH, Boyce DE, Dawson PR. Modeling strain hardening and texture evolution in friction stir welding of stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 2005;398:146–63.
Easterling, K, Introduction to the Physical Metallurgy of Welding, Butterworths and Co, 1983
Folkhard, E, Welding Metallurgy of Stainless Steels, Springer- Verlag/Wien,1988
F. Setiawan, Mulyadi, Analisa Hasil Pengelasan Pada Baja St 2 Dengan Menggunakan Las Smaw Terhadap Lebar Haz, 2014
Fuller, C.B. (2007), Chapter 2: “Friction Stir Tooling: Tool material and designs, friction stir welding and processing”, ASM International.
Fratini L, Buffa G, Micari F, Shivpuri R. On the material flow in FSW of T-joints: influence of geometrical and
technological parameters. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2009;44:570–8.
Guerra M, Schmidt C, McClure JC, Murr LE, Nunes AC. Flow patterns during friction stir welding. Mater Charact 2002;49:95–101.
Guo ZH, Zhao GY, Ke LM, Xing L, Zhu SF. Finite element analysis of materials flow behavior in friction stir welding of
7075 aluminum alloy plate. Appl Mech Mater 2012;117–119:1621–4.
Gao Z, Krumphals F, Sherstnev P, Enzinger N, Niu JT, Sommitsch C. Analysis of plastic flow during friction stir
spotr welding using finite element modeling. Key Eng Mater 2012;504–506:419–24.
Grujicic M, Arakere G, Pandurangan B, Ochterbeck JM, Yen CF,
Cheeseman BA, et al. Computational analysis of material flow during friction stir welding of AA5059 aluminum alloys. J Mater Eng Perform 2012;21:1824–40.
Hyoe T, Colegrove PA, Shercliff HR. Thermal and microstructure modelling in thick plate aluminium alloy 7075 friction stir welds. In: TMS annual meeting; 2003. p. 33–42.
Harsono W, Toshie O, Teknologi pengelasan Logam, Pradnya Paramita,1986
Hamilton C, Kopyscianski M, Senkov O, Dymek S. A coupled thermal/material flow model of friction stir welding applied to Sc-modified aluminum alloys. Metall Mater Trans A 2013;44:1730–40.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy of Welding. Easterling K. 1992.
Idagawa HS, Torres EA, Ramirez AJ. CFD modeling of dissimilar aluminum-steel friction stir welds. In: ASM proceedings of the international conference: trends in welding research; 2013. p. 604–10.
Ji SD, Shi QY, Zhang LG, Zou AL, Gao SS, Zan LV. Numerical simulation of material flow behavior of friction stir
welding influenced by rotational tool geometry. Comput Mater Sci 2012;63:218–26.
Ji SD, Zou AL, Yue YM, Luan GH, Jin YY, Li F. Numerical simulation of effect of rotational tool with screw on
material flow behavior of friction stir welding of Ti6Al4V alloy. Acta Metall Sinica (Engl Lett) 2012;25:365–73.
Kenyon,W..Dasar-dasar Pengelasan. Erlangga.1985.
Kim D, Badarinarayan H, Ryu I, Kim J, Kim C, Okamoto K, et al. Numerical simulation of friction stir welding process. Int J Mater Form 2009;2:383–6.
Kim D, Chung K, Badarinarayan H. An experimental and numerical approach to evaluate the effect of welding
conditions on temperature during friction stir spot welding. In: ASM proceedings of the international
conference: trends in welding research; 2009. p. 60–6.
M.R. Johnsen, (1999), “Friction Stir Welding Takes off at Boeing”, Weld. J., vol. 78, pp. 35–39.
Md. Ibrahim Khan, Welding Science and Technology Nandan R, Roy GG, Lienert TJ, Debroy T. Three-dimensional heat and material flow during friction stir welding of mild steel. Acta Mater 2007;55:883–95.
Nandan R, Prabu B, De A, Debroy T. Improving reliability of heat transfer and materials flow calculations during friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. Weld J (Miami, Fla) 2007;86:313–22.
Nandan R, Lienert TJ, DebRoy T. Toward reliable calculations of heat and plastic flow during friction stir welding of Ti– 6Al–4V alloy. Int J Mater Res 2008;99:434–44.
R.L. O’Brien, Ed., Jefferson’s Welding Encyclopedia, 18th ed., American Welding Society, Miami, FL, 1997, p 634
R.W. Messler, Jr., Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology, Butterworth
– Heine – mann / Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2004, p 300, 301, 313, 315, 316, 320–324, 327– 330
R.W. Messler, Jr., Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology,
Butterworth-Heine- mann / Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2004, p 300, 301, 313, 315, 316, 320–324, 327– 330
R.W. Messler, Jr., Joining of Materials and Structures: From Pragmatic Process to Enabling Technology,
Butterworth-Heine- mann / Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2004, p 300, 301, 313, 315, 316, 320–324, 327– 330
R.S. Mishra and Z. Y. Ma, (2005), “Friction stir welding and processing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. Vol.50, pp. 1-78.
R. Kumar, A. Ghosh, S. Chattopadhyaya, (2015), “Emerging Friction Stir Welding for Aluminium and its
Applications”, Journal of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, vol.14. pp. 1-6.
Seidel TU, Reynolds AP. Visualization of the material flow in AA2195 friction-stir welds using a marker insert technique. Metall Mater Trans A 2001;32:2879–84.
Schneider JR, Beshears R, Nunes Jr AC. Interfacial sticking and slipping in the friction stir welding process. Mater Sci Eng A 2006;435-436:297–304.
Santiago D, Urquiza S, Lombera G, de Vedia L. 3D Modeling of material flow and temperature in friction stir welding.
Soldagem e Inspecao 2009;14:248–56 [in Portuguese]. Song M, Kovacevic R. Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and its validation. Int J
Mach Tool Manuf 2003;43:605–15.
Song M, Kovacevic R. Numerical and experimental study of the heat transfer process in friction stir welding. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B 2003;217:73–85.
Song M, Kovacevic R. Heat transfer modelling for both workpiece and tool in the friction stir welding process:a coupled model. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B 2004;218:17–33.
Shimoda Y, Tsubaki M, Yasui T, Fukumoto M. Experimental and numerical studies of material flow during welding by
friction stirring. Quart J Jpn Weld Soc 2011;29:114s–8s.
Su H, Wu C, Chen M. Analysis of material flow and heat transfer in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys.
China Weld (Engl Ed) 2013;22:6–10.
Tutunchilar S, Haghpanahi M, Besharati Givi MK, Asadi P, Bahemmat P. Simulation of material flow in friction stir
processing of a cast Al–Si alloy. Mater Des 2012;40:415– 26.
Wang H, Colegrove PA, Dos Santos JF. Numerical investigation of the tool contact condition during friction stir welding of aerospace aluminium alloy. Comput Mater Sci 2013;71:101–8.
Wang GX, Zhu LL, Zhang Z. Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process. Chin Weld (Engl Ed) 2007;16:63– 70.
W.M. Thomas and E.D. Nicholas, (1997), “Friction Stir Welding for the Transportation Industries”, Mater, Vol. 18, pp. 269–273.processing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. Vol.50, pp. 1-78.
Welding Metallurgy. John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
WIRYOSUMARTO, H.Dan OKUMURA, T., Teknologi Pengelasan Logam, PT. Pradya Paramita, Jakarta, 2000.
Zhang Z, Chen JT. The simulation of material behaviors in friction stir welding process by using rate-dependent constitutive model. J Mater Sci 2008;43:222–32.
Zhang Z, Zhang HW. A fully coupled thermo-mechanical model of friction stir welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technolv2008;37:279–93.
Zhang Z, Liu YL. Effect of preheating time on friction stir welding. Chin J Mech Eng 2009;45:13–8 [in Chinese].
Zhang Z, Chen JT, Zhang ZW, Zhang HW. Coupled thermo- mechanical model based comparison of friction stir welding processes of AA2024-T3 in different thicknesses. J Mater Sci 2011;46:5815–21.
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Effect of angular velocity of the pin on material flow during friction stir welding. Acta Metall Sinica 2005;41:853–9 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Effect of translational velocity on material flow in friction stir welding. Acta Aeronaut Astronaut Sinica 2006;27:949–56 [in Chinese].
Zhang Z, Zhang HW. Simulation of 3D material flow in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6. Chin Weld (Engl Ed) 2008;17:57–63.
Zhang Z, Zhang HW. Material behavior analysis in joining non straight line weld by using friction stir welding. J Plast Eng 2006;13:108–14 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. 3D modeling of material flow in friction stir welding under different process parameters. J Mater Process Technol 2007;183:62–70.
Zhang Z, Chen JT, Zhang HW. Modeling of the friction stir process under different pressures on the shoulder. J Aeronaut Mater 2005;25:33–7 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Analysis of 3D flow in friction stir welding process. China Mech Eng 2006;17:719–23 [in Chinese].
Zhang Z, Liu YL, Chen JT, Zhang HW. Material flow patterns in friction stir welding. Trans China Weld Inst 2007;28:17– 21 [in Chinese].
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. The finite element simulation of the friction stir welding process. Mater Sci Eng A 2005;403:340–8.
Zhang HW, Zhang Z, Chen JT. Finite element analysis of friction stir welding process. Trans Chin Weld Inst 2005;26:13– 8 [in Chinese].
Zhang, Y.N., Cao, X.,Larose, S.and Wanjara, P. (2012), “Review of tools for friction stir welding and processing”, Science and technology of welding and Joining, 51(3):250-60.
http://anaksmk3.blogspot.com/2016/10/macam-macam- pengelasan.html
http://arifidya.blogspot.com/2015/11/proses-las-gmaw-gas- metal-arc-welding.html
https://dokumen.tips/documents/laporan-pengelasan- lanjutpdf.html
https://www.esabna.com/euweb/mig_handbook/592mig1_3.htmhttp: // kawatlas. Jaya Manunggal. Com
https://www.niagamas.com/product/daiden-industrial-welding-inverter-machine-mesin-las-mig-250
http://rizkaadi. blogspot. com/ 2012/ 10/ kerusakan- terhadap-sambungan-las.html-akses tanggal 02 juli 2019
http://tekniklasdasar. blogspot. Com/ 2017/ 05/persiapan- pengelasan.html-akses tanggal 02 juli 2019
https://yudiprasetyo53.wordpress.com/2011/11/07/scanning-electron-microscope-sem-dan-optical-emission-spectroscope-oes